Abstract: In inland water such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds, the gas exchange of slightly soluble gases such as carbon dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, methane, or oxygen across a clean and nearly flat air-water interface is routinely described using a water-side mean gas transfer velocity, where overline indicates time or ensemble averaging. The conventional micro-eddy surface renewal model predicts, where is the molecular Schmidt number, is the water kinematic viscosity, and is the waterside mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate at or near the interface.

Currently, an estimated 1-1.5 billion people across the Earth’s continents directly rely on grasslands for their livelihoods; yet, human activities are altering the Earth’s climate, global cycles of elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and influencing grassland biodiversity by causing extinctions…